Web-cam’s Potential for Collaborative Activities in the Earth Sciences

 

Benjamin J. Kadlec (kadlec@msi.umn.edu) 1, Erik. O. D. Sevre (esevre@msi.umn.edu) 1, David A. Yuen (davey@krissy.geo.umn.edu) 1, Xili L. Yang (lilli@msi.umn.edu) 1, Evan F. Bollig (bollig@msi.umn.edu) 1, Yunsong Wang (yunsong@csit.fsu.edu) 2, Gordon Erlebacher (erlebach@csit.fsu.edu) 2, Maxwell Rudolph (maxwell.rudolph@oberlin.edu) 3

 

1Dept. of Geology and Geophysics and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0219, U.S.A.

2School of Computational Sciences and Information Technology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4120, U.S.A.

3 Dept. of Geology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074 U.S.A.

 

[To Appear in Visual Geosciences, 2004, http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/10069/]

 

 

Abstract

 

We report here our experiences from using easily acquired web-cam components for collaborative ventures in the Earth sciences. We have used a variety of hardware and different software. We demonstrate from various locations in the U.S. the feasibility of using web-cam in multitudinous activities, relevant for conducting research and knowledge dissemination. We summarize the quality of the connections from the various combinations of communicating parties. Today web-cams can be utilized as an economical and viable means of point-to-point communication in the Earth science community. Greater bandwidth is sorely needed for activities such as multi-party conferencing on the present internet network. We propose that web-cam can be readily deployed as a web-service for facilitating collaborative research over the GRID infrastructure, using the middleware NaradaBrokering. Web-cam will play an important role in the emerging field of geoinformatics.

 

 

 

 

 

 

I. Introduction

 

Today Earth scientists collaborate more and more in research activities. There is a relentless drive in collaborative research, which is encouraged by the establishment of large programs such as Earthscope and other initiatives. The success of these collective research endeavors depends greatly on a seamless mode of communication among the various group members. Today web-cam appears prominently as a viable solution toward facilitating research activities in the Earth sciences. Web-cam, which simply is a camcorder connected to a computer network, can help in this effort. Only in the last few years with the advent of greater bandwidth in Internet -II (see the glossary for technical details) and of better hardware and software does it offer the allure for using it in the common market, mainly because of the sharp decrease in price of the various components.  A basic set up consisting of a camera with a resolution of 640x480 pixels is now under $120.00.Therefore the time has come for us to re-examine the issues of using web-cam as a facile tool for collaborative research. What we would like to bring across here is that the time is now ripe for the Earth science community to use this type of cost-effective communication. This development will have significant implications for the ongoing efforts in data-mining fields relating to geological sciences. In this paper our goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of using the current web-cam technology in facilitating audio and video collaboration between geographically distant researchers in the Earth sciences and to communicate our experiences. Since the mid-1990's global collaboration has been spurred in the Earth sciences, mainly due to the strong entrenchment of the Internet and the proliferation of large databases. E-mail and text messaging provide an excellent means of communication using written word, but more interactive communication is often needed. Web-cam technology takes advantage of a face-to-face meeting, yet allowing people to remain at their respective home location. This mode of operation increases the productivity of a researcher, as it can replace the need for arduous travel between different research locations and saves money as well.  An additional advantage is that researchers are able to share results while sitting in front of their own computer screens. This technology creates 2-way windows between remote sites, laboratories and field locations in a way that could only be dreamed of twenty years ago.

 


 


Figure 1. This picture shows a wireless web-cam session using a laptop with web-cam at the Digital Technology Center of the University of Minnesota. The Logitech 4000 Pro camera is pointing in the direction of John M. Boggs (Boggs and Yuen, 2001).

 

II. Tool for Collaborative Research

           

In this section we will give a brief presentation of technical aspects of web-cam and its capabilities. First of all, a web-cam is a camera designed to take a series of digital photographs and transmit them over the Internet or other network (Webster's New World Computer Dictionary, 2003). This process involves streaming a flow of images taken at a specified frequency in time and a given resolution, which determines the quality of the video. This must then be compressed appropriately to attain a desired frame-rate, depending on the amount of bandwidth available for transmission (Bull, 1998).  As mentioned above, web-cams are by no means a new technology. There is a renewed interest in using web-cams for online collaboration, since technology has reached a milestone where this service can be employed by most end users. At present our group is engaged in a number of collaborative activities in North America, Europe and Asia. We are using web-cams for collaborations on modeling of slab dynamics by means of many tracers with Dr. Taras Gerya in Bochum, Germany (Gerya et al., 2003), in 3-D mantle convection in Japan with Dr. M.C. Kameyama at the Earth Simulator Center (http://www.es.jamstec.go.jp), 3-D  visualization with Florida State University (Erlebacher et al, 2003), on mammogram research in Poland with Dr. Witold Dzwinel at Krakow, Poland and in making posters among different collaborators for presentation at international meetings, such as the AGU in San Francisco (http://www.msi.umn.edu/~lilli/AGU-Fall-03).

How does this come about? Improved technologies that have sparked this movement include high speed internet (http://www.internet2.edu) and advanced video and audio compression. Internet traffic is close to doubling each year (e.g., Odlyzko, 2003) and speeds of 1.5 Mbps have now replaced the 28.8kbps speeds of the early '90s. Dialup internet service, limited to transfer speeds of 56kbps, has been replaced by cable internet, which rides on the cable TV network existing in most homes, and DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) using the existing copper telephone lines in urban areas. These services are both capable of megabit speeds and when combined with wired and wireless network technologies, a bottleneck is relieved in transmitting and receiving video through the internet.  The flow of network information is also accelerated by new schemes of compression, which can sufficiently process streams of audio in time with modern CPUs. Below we see the bandwidth technology improvements made in the last decade measured in speed using kilo/Mega bits per second (kbps/Mbps), video rate by frames per second (fps) and pixel by pixel resolution (res):

 

Dial-up (10 years ago)

Broadband (Today)

Connection Speeds

28.8kbps

1.5Mbps

Video Rate

1-2 fps @ 180x120 res.

10-20 fps @ 640x480 res.

 

We mention here that broadband technology for home usage is even faster in Japan, where 12 Mbps are now available. This web-cam model is different from conventional video-conferencing, which is far more expensive and requires an unwieldy set-up. Video conferencing requires specialized video hardware and phone lines for interconnecting nodes that are very clumsy and not easily adaptable. As mentioned above, in large corporations video conferencing among team members on a given project has been commonplace for some time, but a private network is supporting this activity. This mode of operation cannot be afforded by small companies or by research teams at universities scattered all around the globe.  Using existing network infrastructures (ethernet, wireless,

cable/DSL) and readily available hardware and software, this web-cam model can be constructed by most users.

     Our web-cam set-up, devoted to research in Earth sciences and information technology, will be constructed among various sites, in particular, between the campuses of the University of Minnesota, Indiana University and Florida State University. The motivation for this effort is to learn how web-cams can be integrated into our WEB-IS interrogative scheme (Garbow et al., 2003) together with Narada-brokering  middle-ware (http://www.naradabrokering.org), which presents a good entry point to GRID computing ( Foster and Kesselman, 1998 ).

 

III. Role of a Web-Tool (WEB-IS)

 

What is WEB-IS? WEB-IS, Web-based Integrated System (Garbow et al., 2003, is a middle-ware software that allows remote, remote, interactive visualization (Yuen et al., 2004) of large-scale 3-D data over the Internet, along with data analysis and data mining capabilities (Dzwinel et al, 2003).We have developed three sub-modules within  an common portal framework ( Kadlec et al., 2003 ). In brief, WEB-IS1 allows users

to navigate through their rendered 3-D data and interactively analyze the data for statistics or apply data mining techniques (Grossman, et al., 2003), such as cluster analysis of earthquakes ( Dzwinel et al., 2003, Yuen et al, 2003). The second module is called WEB_IS2, which allows the user ser to manipulate Amira (a powerful 3-D visualization package that has been employed recently by the science and engineering communities to gain insight into their data, http://www.amiravis.com) controls remotely and to analyze, render, and view large datasets , such as 3-D mantle convection  and seismic tomography models over the internet. WEB-IS3 is an imaging service that displays selected features from a low-resolution environment to one with increased resolution by zooming into the data (Rudolph et al., 2003). Other modules of WEB-IS can be implemented as well with the introduction of new applications, such as quantum molecular dynamics in nanotechnology (e.g., Chelikowsky, 2000) or submission of many jobs in first principles calculations in mineral physics ( e.g. Wentzcovitch et al., 1999).

For now we plan to integrate the three components together through a middleware, called Narada-Brokering (iNtegrated Asynchronous Real-time Adaptive Distributed Architecture, a distributed messaging infrastructure that can be used to  route data  seamlessly between the originators and registered consumers or the common users),(Fox et al., 2003) without regard for time or location. This is called the asynchronous mode and allows efficient communication between parties separated by many time zones. We consider integrating our web-cam model with the WEB-IS system to allow for real-time collaboration between distant researchers, while using the combined tools of WEB-IS. Such a system would be very useful for collaboration among Earth scientists.

 


 


Figure 2. This picture shows a 3-way web-cam collaboration among the authors of this paper (Y. Wang, upper left; X.L. Yang and D.A. Yuen, upper right; B.J. Kadlec and E.F. Bollig, bottom). More illustrative examples showing collaboration can be found at http://www.msi.umn.edu/~kadlec/webcam/gallery.

 

IV. Present Status and Capabilities of Web-Cam Technologies

 

                        Web-cam is an economical alternative to video-conferencing, which can run up to $100 to $200 a session. We note that large corporations, such as IBM or EXXON and the military have been using video-conferencing for a long time through their own proprietary networks.  We will be concerned here with a low-cost solution to the web-cam problem, since this would have a wide appeal to the Earth scientists.

      Up to now, we have been dealing with Apple Macintosh® (Macs) and Microsoft Windows® compatible machines (PCs) in our web-cam research and have not explored the possibilities of web-phone, which is fast becoming popular. Most current web-cam software is not designed for communications between Macs and PCs. The program iChatAV (http://www.apple.com/ichat) is an Apple product that performs wonderfully with Mac-to-Mac communication and also Mac-to-PC. Microsoft offers a similar program for PC-to-PC communication, MSN Messenger (http://messenger.msn.com), which has produced similar results. Yahoo! Messenger (http://messenger.yahoo.com) has recently added web-cam features to its instant messaging, but at this time only supports video and not audio components. For this reason, Yahoo! Messenger does not satisfy our needs. Since the programs iChatAV and MSN Messenger are designed for homogeneous communication between computer systems, we are using the software SquidCam (http://www.squidsoft.com/squidcam) for Mac-to-PC communication. In the next figure we show such an interaction among users with PC and MACs, spanning from Minneapolis, Minnesota to Tallahassee, Florida.

 


 


Figure 3. Here show here the different interaction possibilities between web-cam users, using desktop computers.  More exotic combinations will soon be realized with the proliferations of PDAs and cell-phones with 3G capabilities.

 

                    We have tested iChatAV between a PowerMac G3 and G4, also with an iBook all equipped with Apple's iSight web-cam. We were easily able to carry out a conference across a 10mbit network at 20-30 frames per second using 640 x480 pixel resolution, which is comparable to that of an analog TV set. Documents containing small texts that were held up to the iSight could be easily viewed on the remote machine using iChatAV. The specifications of the iSight claimed a minimum focal distance of (5cm) but we had no difficulty viewing documents (2.5cm) from the lens. This capability will be demonstrated later in viewing the fine features in geological maps and making posters with high resolution.  The excellent quality of this video left little to be desired at full-screen resolution, and the audio quality was equally good. For PC hardware we have used Pentium 3 and 4 PCs equipped with Logitech 4000 Pro web-cams (http://www.logitech.com). The specifications of this web-cam are comparable to that of the iSight, although we generally obtained better quality of the images, using the iSight.  A major drawback with both of these applications is that they are limited to one-on-one conferencing at a time, thus casting away any hopes for group collaborations with three or more web-cams. This is a problem that will be solved in the near future.

 

PC

MAC

PC

1.

2.

MAC

2.

3.

 

1. PC <-> PC using MSN Messenger: no connection problems.

2. PC <-> MAC using SquidCam: the presence of a firewall blocks the

ability to receive a connection request.

3. MAC <-> MAC using IchatAV: no connection problems.

 

Figure 4. This figure shows the degree of connectivity of a 2x2 matrix consisting of PCs and Macs, using IchatAV, MSN, and SquidCam. This can be expanded to a larger representation (3x3...16x16) when using SquidCam and different software or devices are considered. A firewall can break the symmetry of a matrix, but we find this can be controlled by using Narada-Brokering.

 

SquidCam exceeds iChatAV and MSN Messenger in capability because it is able to connect to multiple web-cams and allow for collaborations from numerous locations at the same time. There is a significant tradeoff when using SquidCam, though, as the quality of its video lags behind that of iChat and MSN. Another problem arises as SquidCam connects directly between users through port 16969, a port that is often closed by an ISP or a network's firewall. A firewall is a scheme that prevents unauthorized users from gaining access to a network, while inadvertently blocking some legitimate connections like those coming from SquidCam. This problem also arises when using a NAT (Network Address Translation) device for routing an internet connection, such as a wireless Linksys or Apple Airport router. This creates a connectivity issue with SquidCam for which there is no easy solution. The problem can be fixed by having the firewall or router forward port 16969 to the client using the service, but this cannot be done in many networks. If SquidCam's default port (16969) is being blocked by a firewall, users can also choose an alternate port that may not be blocked. Firewalls are an annoying concern that impedes web-based collaboration by requiring more sophisticated software, a problem that will grow worse in time. Other programs get around this by using a central server that the web-cam services can connect to and consequently bypass

SquidCam’s direct-connect problem. We can overcome this hurdle by integrating the web-cam service with the middleware Narada-Brokering middleware (Fox et al., 2003) so that users can connect through a central server. One good use of web-cam collaboration is sharing detailed information. An example of this is shown below in Fig. 5.

 

 

Figure 5. Here is a close-up view of the journal Geology, showing depth of focus of the lens for detailed examination of maps, figures, and equations. This photo was taken during a web-cam session by pointing the camera toward a region of interest (ROI) for the remote user to see. We also employ this method in the construction of a poster, see Rudolph, M., et al 2003. and our picture gallery (http://www.msi.umn.edu/~kadlec/web-cam/gallery)

 

Another use of web-cam is to broadcast information directly from meetings back to the home institution. Figure 6 shows a connection between the A.G.U. in San Francisco and the office back in Minnesota. Therefore, web-cam can offer people the possibilities of viewing posters or even lectures from a distance. This scene is depicted in Fig. 6.

 

Figure 6. This shows Lilli Yang sitting in her office at Minnesota while communicating and watching the poster session at AGU. Maxwell Rudolph is describing the poster to her from thousands of miles away at the Moscone Convention Center in San Francisco.

 

We have also taken this web-cam service out of the office confines and into the outside environs, where we made use of a wireless internet connection (802.11b) and a laptop. Using a freely distributed wireless signal we were able to communicate with a wired web-cam client. Some minor problems were encountered in the course of this operation. The web-cam draws a large amount of power from the laptop and quickly reduces the life of its battery. Web-cams are not equipped with a light or flash like in a conventional video camera. We found that they are quite sensitive under low-light environments, like a pub, and require a certain level of lighting in order to capture the full vividness of a colored image. Additional problems are associated with a wireless internet connection and have been discussed by (Boggs and Yuen, 2001).  These experiences show that web-cam can be employed out in the field for geologists and geophysicists.

 

V. Web-cam, Web-IS and the NaradaBrokering Middleware

 

            Many of the collaborative endeavors in Earth sciences need to use GRID-like technologies in order to harness efficiently the available computational resources. There is also a closer convergence now between GRID-like technology and web-services. We will now lay out some of the ideas concerning a middleware, which is used in GRID-like operations. This approach will further enhance the collaborative nature of web-cams. First of all, what is a web service? A web service is a software application made available over the internet that delivers a service to the end user by some public interface (Cerami, 2002).  We consider a proven web service that implements web-cam technology for group collaboration in heterogeneous networks. The Narada-Brokering middleware has been used in place of the direct-connect approach, used by SquidCam, which fails in networks that contain firewalls capable of restricting communication.  A scheme has been developed for an integrated collaboration system, using the audio and video components of a web-cam service through Narada-Brokering. The Global Multimedia Collaboration System (Fox, 2003) integrates audio/video services for collaboration between clients and communities. This prototype is being developed and deployed in universities across the USA with NaradaBrokering, AccessGRID, and the XGSP A/V Web-Services framework (Fox and Foster, 2003). At this time Global-MMCS is not a solution that will be used by very many users. This application is aimed at a sophisticated audience from computer science. Hence it will require costly implementation, until a simpler solution is developed. Such a solution may be found in Narada-Brokering middle-ware, which can serve as a support for collaborative projects. The Narada-Brokering (NB) system, developed at the Community Grids Lab at Indiana University, is a distributed publish/subscribe system .The figure below shows how NB can help to direct web-cam activities for different devices. This situation can be applied to many scientific communities and allow these different communities to communicate with one another.    

Figure 7. This figure shows how Narada-Brokering middleware can function seamlessly in a heterogeneous environment consisting of different networks, firewalls and clients, that can range from 3G phones and PDA's to desktop PC's

 

            In the near future these same ideas can be employed for a much wider dissemination to many people and for low-cost using off-the-shelf components, which can be purchased at a one-stop web-cam e-store. Typical users will be put off by a confusing application. Therefore, a simpler interface needs to be constructed as the KISS (Keep-It-Simple-Stupid) principle will be applicable. Narada-Brokering will minimize bandwidth by packaging streams of video from multiple users into a single data stream from the Narada server. This will allow more people to use the service with multiple connections, while requiring less bandwidth to join. These video streams could also be saved onto the server and archived for viewing at a later time through Narada-Brokering. Using the Java Media Framework (JMF) this streaming video could be grabbed and sent to a java applet. This would create a simple cross-platform service for many clients requiring only Java version (1.4). The connectivity problem inherent to firewalls will be overcome through Narada-Brokering, as point-to-point or peer-to-peer (P2P) communication is used across a single channel between two terminals. Web-cam is to be contrasted with multipoint connectivity in which a channel connects more than two service points, as is used principally for internet communication and ethernet traffic (Oram, 2001).

 

VI. Conclusions and Future Ideas

 

              Just like the advent of Internet 10 years ago, we expect the use of web-cam to expand and to proliferate relentlessly in the next decade. This will be encouraged through the growth of widespread access to the imminent arrival of Internet -III, with ten times greater bandwidth and cheap off-the-shelf audio/video devices. As Earth scientists, we should prepare ourselves for taking these momentous steps, especially in view of the growth of geoinformatics in America and other countries.  As a ground floor technology, web-cam will undoubtedly assume greater importance in the future. We see a growing trend that the web-cam will migrate from the PC, as PDA's are becoming capable clients for enabling a web-cam. Overseas in countries like Japan and Finland, mobile phone services already exist that allow using cameras for video streaming. 3G wireless technologies for cell phones will employ data transfer rates of over 300kbps, while transferring audio and video from a small wireless device. This is the direction that the web-cam trend will take in the future, as wireless protocols become fast enough to support the demands of streaming quality video, which is vital in the Earth sciences. Such a video-streaming capability will be useful in broadcasting simulations, carried out in virtual reality (CR) in scientific visualization, such as the CAVE (Cruz-Neira et al., 1993, Kageyama and Sato, 1998.) Figure 8 shows a demonstration of virtual reality in a CAVE at the Earth Simulator Center (ESC) in Yokohama, Japan. This technology assists distant learning and education in the Earth sciences, where an instructor can navigate through the jungle of complex data for explaining key concepts to the students.          

 

 

 

 

Figure 7. This photo shows Dr. Dave Yuen data-exploring and data-mining the actual solar- magnetic field lines in stereo, using the CAVE visualization studio at the ESC in Yokohama, Japan. Web-cam technology can be used for steering the mouse control and transmitting this display to be seen from the other continents.

 

Where will the web-cam be five years from now? It is not difficult to imagine that web-cam will be in widespread usage, as common as the Internet and wireless phones today. The year 2009 may seem a long way off, but consider the year 1999. One was in an era where wireless connection to the internet was not yet popularized.  The other is in the near future and is open to many possibilities. Just think of what can be done in a space of ten years from 1999 to 2009.  This is about the length of time in the 1960's when the US landed astronauts on the moon.  Therefore it is important that the Earth scientists prepare themselves for the exciting times ahead in the web-cam onslaught, which will change the way science will be conducted on a collaborative basis.

 

Acknowledgements

 

We thank Shrideep Pallickara, Geoffrey Fox and J.D. Clemens for their fruitful and critical comments. We are grateful to Z. Garbow for valuable comments. We thank Drs. T. Sato and A. Kageyama and Charley Kameyama for opening our eyes to the facilities at Earth Simulator Center. We are also thankful for communications with Drs. M.J.B. Kido, Taku Tsuchiya and Shoichi Yoshioka for pointing out the potential use of web-cam and its capabilities in various situations (e.g. SFC). We were stimulated to this topic by Waseda University (SFU). This research has been supported by the National Science Foundation.

 

Credits           

Microsoft, MSN, and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Mac and iChatAV are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. SquidSoft and SquidCam are Copyright ©2002 - 2004 SquidSoft, All Rights Reserved Worldwide

 

 

Glossary

 

3G- third generation wireless phone format that will employ high data transfer             rates (UWCC)

Bandwidth- how much data can be sent through a connection, measured in bits-per-second

Broadband- high-speed, high-capacity transmission channel carried on fiber-optic or coaxial cables to carry video, voice, and data simultaneously

Cable Modem- uses television cable to provide high-speed internet with speeds up to 4-5mbps

CPU- Central Processing Unit, the part of a computer that interprets and executes instructions

DSL- Digital Subscriber Line, uses copper telephone lines to provide high-speed internet access up to 1.5mbps

Firewall- a scheme that prevents unauthorized users from gaining access to a network

Geoinformatics- application of information technology to Earth science problems involving the use of data-mining, networking, and large-scale numerical simulations.

Internet3- the current next-generation internet whose goal is to ensure rapid transfer of network services and applications to the broader internet community

Middleware- software that mediates between an application program and a network

PDA- Personal Digital Assistant, a lightweight, handheld computer

P2P- Point-to-Point or Peer-to-Peer is a protocol that allows computers to share information between each other without passing through a central server

Streaming Video- sequence of moving images sent in compressed form over the internet and displayed by the viewer as they arrive

Web Service- software application made available over the internet that delivers a service to the end user via some public interface

 

Picture Gallery:

http://www.msi.umn.edu/~kadlec/webcam/gallery

 

 

VII. References

 

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Bull, D., Canagarajah, C., Nix, A., Insights Into Multimedia Communications, Morgan Kaufmann, Oct. 1998

 

CAVE, Cave Automatic Virtual Environment, Electronic Visualization Lab at University

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Chelikowsky, J., The pseudopotential-density functional method (PDFM) applied to nanostructures, J. Phys. D, 33, R46-R50, 2000.

 

Cruz-Neira, C., Sandin, D., DeFanti, T., Virtual Reality: The Design and Implementation

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DeFanti, T.A., Brown, M.D., Stevens, R., "Virtual Reality Over High-Speed Networks,"

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Dubuffet, F., D.A. Yuen, and E.S.G. Rainey, Controlling thermal chaos in the mantle by positive feedback from radiative thermal conductivity, Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 9:311-323, 2002.

 

Dubuffet, F., Rabinowicz, M., Monnereau, M., Multiple scales in mantle convection, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 178(3-4)(2000) pp.351-366.

 

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Concurrency and Computation: Practice & Experience, ACM JavaGrande ISCOPE

Special Issue (to appear), 2003.

 

 

Fox, G., Wu, W., Uyar, A., Bulut, H., Pallickara, S., Global Multimedia Collaboration

System, http://www.globalmmcs.org/publications/global-mmcs-short5.doc, June 15, 2003, Brazil.

 

Fox, G., Wu, W., Uyar, A., Bulut, H., A Web Services Framework for

Collaboration and Audio/Videoconferencing,

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Honan, M., FireWire Web Cams, Macworld, December 2003, pp. 34-35.

 

Java Media Framework (JMF), http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/jmf/2.1.1/index.html, Sun Microsystems, Inc., 2003

 

Kadlec, B.J., Yang, X.L., Wang, Y., Bollig, E.F., Garbow, Z.A., Yuen, D.A., Erlebacher, G., WEB-IS (Integrated System): An Overall View, Eos. Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract NG11A-0163, 2003.

 

Kaznessis, Y. N., Larson, R.G, "Lung Surfactants: A Molecular Perspective from Computation", invited chapter in "Recent Research Developments in Lung Surfactant and its Function", Publisher: Marcel Dekker, Ed. Kaushik Nag, in print.

 

Kido, M., Yuen, D.A., Vincent, A.P., Continuous wavelet-like filter for a spherical surface and its application to localized admittance function on Mars, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 135, 1-16, 2003. http://www.msi.umn.edu/~kido/kido-pepi.pdf

 

Narada-Brokering, Community Grids Labs at Indiana University,

http://grids.ucs.indiana.edu/ptliupages/projects/narada/.

 

Odlyzko, A.M., Internet traffic growth: Sources and implications, Optical Transmission Systems and Equipment for WDM Networking II, B. B. Dingel, W. Weiershausen, A. K. Dutta, and K.I. Sato, eds., Proc. SPIE, vol. 5247, 2003, pp. 1-15

 

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O'Reilly Peer-to-Peer and Web Services Conference, http://conferences.oreillynet.com/p2p, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 2001

 

Pallickara, S., Erlebacher, G., Yuen, D.A., Fox, G., Demonstrating

NaradaBrokering as a Middleware Fabric for Grid-based Remote Visualization Services, Eos. Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract NG11A-0162, 2003.

 

Regenauer-Lieb, K., Van der Lee, S., Yuen, D.A., Is the Wilson Cycle Caused by the Memory Effect of Water? American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Abstract, 2003

 

Rudolph, M.L., Gerya, T.V., Yuen, D.A., DeRosier, S., Visualization of Complex Multiscale Phenomena at Subduction Zones, Eos. Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract NG11A-0167, 2003.

 

Uyar, A., Wu, W., Bulut, H., Fox, G., An Integrated Videoconferencing System for

Heterogeneous Multimedia Collaboration:

http://www.globalmmcs.org/publications/ahmet-paper.pdf /7th IASTED

International Conference on INTERNET AND MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS AND

APPLICATIONS, August 13-15, 2003, Honolulu, Hawaii.

 

Van den Berg, A. P., Rainey, E.S.G. and D.A. Yuen, Impact of Temperature and Pressure Dependent Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity and Core-Mantle Coupling on Planetary Thermal Evolution,  EOS, Trans. AGU 84(46), Fall Meeting Suppl., Abstract T11C-0407, 2003.

 

Vasilyev, O.V., Gerya, T.V., Yuen, D.A., Erlebacher, G., Application of Multidimensional Wavelets to Unveiling Multi-Phase Diagrams and in Situ Rock Physical Properties, Eos. Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract NG11A-0171, 2003

 

Vasilyev, O.V., Yuen, D.A., Adaptive Multilevel Second-Generation Wavelet Collocation Elliptic Solver: A Cure for High Viscosity Contrasts, Eos. Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract NG11A-0172, 2003.

 

Webster's New World Computer Dictionary, ed. by B. Pfaffenberger, 422 pp., Wiley Publish. Inc., 2003.

 

Wentzcovitch, R.M., Karki, B.B., Karato, S. and C.R.S. Da Silva, High pressure elastic

anisotropy of MgSiO3 perovskite and geophysical implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,

164, 371-378, 1999.

 

Wu, W., Bulut, H., Uyar, A., Fox, G., A Web-Services based Conference Control Framework for Heterogeneous A/V collaboration:

<http://www.globalmmcs.org/publications/400-135.pdf>/ 7th IASTED

International Conference on Internet and Multimedia Systems and

Applications, August 13-15, 2003, Honolulu, Hawaii.

 

Yanagawa, T.K., Hofmeister A.M., Yuen, D.A., The Effect of Critical Points in Radiative Thermal Conductivity (With Grain Size and Temperature) on the Transition Zone and Lower Mantle, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Abstract, 2003

 

Yang, X.L., Wang, Y., Bollig, E.F., Kadlec, B.J., Garbow, Z.A., Yuen, D.A., Erlebacher, G., WEB-IS2: Next Generation Web Services Using Amira visualization Package, Eos. Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract NG11A-0164, 2003.

 

Yuen, D.A., Dzwinel, W., Bollig, E.F., Kadlec, B.J., Ben-Zion, Y., Yoshioka, S., Datamining Analysis and Multi-dimensional Visualization of Earthquake Clusters in a GRIDLike Interactive Environment, Eos. Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract NG12D-04, 2003.

 

Yuen, D.A., Dzwinel, D., Kaneko, Y.J.B.D. Boryczko, K. and Y. Ben-Zion. Multi-resolution clustering analysis and 3-D visualization of multitudinous synthetic earthquakes. Visual Geosciences, 8, 12-25, (e-paper) 2003

 

Yuen, D.A., Erlebacher, G., Dubuffet, F.J.W., Vasilyev, O.V., Identification of 3-D Mantle Plumes and the Relative Contributions of the Surface Heat Flow by Wavelet Thresholding, Eos. Trans. AGU, 83(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract NG61A-11, 2002.

 

Yuen, D.A., Garbow, Z.A. and G. Erlebacher, Remote data analysis, Visualization and Problem Solving Environment( PSE) Based on Wavelet Analysis in the Geosciences, Visual Geosciences, 8: 83-92, DOI10.1007/x10069-003-0012-z, 2004.